| Dieser Datensatz ist Bestandteil der ÖKOBAUDAT. |
Process information
| Key Data Set Information | |
| Location | DE |
| Reference year | 2016 |
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| Use advice for data set | Scope: This document refers to ceramic tiles by the Bundesverband Keramische Fliesen e. V. The LCA data was recorded in 2014 in member plants of the association. The LCA is representative for 9 companies and 11 plants in the association which manufacture around 70% of the total domestic production volume. System boundary: The following life cycle phases are considered: product stage, construction of the building structure, use stage, end-of-life stage, benefits and loads beyond the system boundaries. The EPD system boundaries follow the modular approach outlined in the /EN 15804/. The declared modules are outlined briefly below. Type of EPD: “cradle to grave” Modules A1 to A3 comprise the manufacturing phase: A1 Raw material supply and processing and poss. finishing processes for secondary materials serving as input (e.g. recycling processes) A2 Transport to manufacturer A3 Production The data on energy, material and waste flows is queried within the framework of data collation in the plants. The possible recycling of product waste incurred during production is allocated as zero to the benefit of a conservative calculation approach. It does not have any noteworthy market value nor does it cause any acceptance costs and can therefore be regarded as a by-product. Integration of biogenic CO2 in the wooden pallets is included. Consideration is only taken of defective pallets which are in fact disposed of. The paper and/or cardboard used primarily comprises recycled fibres with a low percentage of primary fibres for technical reasons. Disposed of paper/cardboard is not therefore attributed a credit, e.g. for energy use during thermal utilisation. Module A4 includes transport to the customer and/or construction site. This data is also collected in the plants and refers to domestic transport. Module A5 includes the assembly expenses incl. disposal of packaging. This EPD exclusively analyses the influence of plastic and paper packaging disposal incl. transporting packaging for disposal. Thermal processing in a plant with R1<0.6 is assumed for the packaging (with the exception of paper/cardboard). The loads from the incineration process are declared in Module A5; the remaining credits are declared in Module D. The material expenses associated with tile adhesive and grouting mortar as well as cuttings are not analysed in this LCA as there can be major differences in volumes depending on the respective application. The material expenses associated with tile adhesive and grouting mortar are outlined in the Declaration for a typical standard application but are not included in the LCA. Module B1 concerns the use of tiles with regard to emissions into the environment. The module is declared. No indoor emissions presenting a hazard for health can be anticipated when using tiles. Module B2 includes the expenses associated with cleaning using water and cleaning agents. A typical cleaning cycle must be indicated separately for floor and wall tiles in the EPD. The environmental impact of annual expenses associated with cleaning 1 m² wall tiles is indicated in the LCA. If the sum is divided by 4 (wall tiles cleaned 4 times a year) and then multiplied by the number of cleaning processes per year for floor tiles, the planner can calculate the total impact of cleaning, including concerning floor tiles. Modules B3 to B5 concern the repair, substitution and full replacement of tiled floors. These modules are considered in the study and declared in the EPD. When installed as designated, no repair, replacement or substitution is necessary. Modules B6 and B7 are considered in the study and declared in the EPD. There are no environmental impacts here as the product does not require water or electricity in order to work. The expenses associated with cleaning are declared in B2. The C Modules and Module D refer to analysis of tile disposal following use where maximum two scenarios (both 100%) are taken as a basis for calculation. EoL scenario 1 refers to material utilisation as mineral filling materials in the construction industry. EoL scenario 2 outlines disposal at a building rubble landfill. Details on modules concerning subsequent use: Module C1 includes the expenses associated with de-construction, primarily diesel consumption by demolition machines. Module C2 includes transport to the landfill and/or to recycling. Module C3 comprises processing building materials for later use as mineral bulk goods. Module C4 involves waste disposal, i.e. disposal in the building rubble landfill. Module D includes the credit for expenses saved, i.e. savings in primary material and primary energy by using recycled grit and by thermal utilisation of packaging. Waste impact is considered in the modules in which such waste is incurred. Machinery, plants and infrastructure required in the manufacturing process are ignored. |
| Technical purpose of product or process | Ceramic tiles are largely used as wall and floor coverings in interior and exterior applications. Apart from applications in living areas, e.g. bathrooms, kitchens, hallways and porches as well as in living rooms and bedrooms, on balconies and patios, they are also used in commercial and industrial areas, in public buildings, indoor swimming pools and on facades etc. on account of the possibilities offered in terms of combining design and durability. |
| Classification number | 1.3.07 |
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| General comment on data set | Ceramic tiles are produced by extrusion or dry-pressing techniques. They are formed, dried and then fired once or twice in order to develop the desired and required characteristics. The products under review here involve wall and floor tiles in all formats, surface finishes (e.g. glazed and/or coated and unglazed) and colours as well as all defined classification and evaluation groups. Ceramic tiles are generally classified as earthenware, stoneware, porcelain tiles and split tiles. Earthenware is more porous and displays a higher degree of water absorption. It is glazed and largely used in interior applications while stoneware and porcelain tiles have essentially low water absorption. This makes them more resistant to frost as well as being particularly durable as floor coverings. The situation is similar for split tiles, i.e. extruded products. |
| Scenarios | |
| Copyright | Yes |
| Owner of data set | |
| Quantitative reference | |
| Reference flow(s) | |
| Time representativeness | |
| Data set valid until | 2021 |
| Technological representativeness | |
| Technology description including background system | The products considered here comprise wall and floor tiles in all formats, surfaces (eg glazed or tempered and unglazed) and colors as well as all defined classification and assessment groups. production: The manufacturing process for ceramic tiles and tiles is divided into various process steps such as the preparation of the starting materials, the shaping, the drying, if necessary glazing, and the firing of the tiles and tiles Plate blanks. Ceramic raw materials are mainly clay, kaolin, quartz and feldspar. The starting materials are first comminuted and ground, weighed according to the prescription, mixed with water in the mixer and homogenized (ceramic Dimensions). In shaping, two different methods are distinguished. In the so-called dry pressing process, the raw material mass is pressed as granulate into the future tile shape; During the extrusion, the paste is worked up Raw material mass by means of molding stencils. The molded blanks are then dried, if desired, and fired with or without a glaze. After the fire, the tiles are sorted and packaged. Raw materials: Ceramic tiles and tiles are produced from a raw material consisting of the following essential ingredients: clays about 50%, feldspar approx. 25%, kaolin about 7%, limestone about 3%, sand about 3% and glazes / Compensation about 4%. Technical data: The following section outlines details on product performance in terms of their essential characteristics in accordance with EN 14411, where included and specified in the Declaration of Performance. As no specific values can be provided for the average product declared in this EPD, the requirements are outlined below in accordance with a defined product class. 1. Water absorption Ceramic tiles are classified in groups I to III with regard to water absorption and design. Water absorption as a mass percentage is >0.5% to <10% depending on the group and measured in accordance with /DIN EN ISO 10545-3/. 2. Breaking load (requirements in accordance with /DIN EN 14411/): dependant on tile application and classification group - Breaking load for tile thickness ≥ 7.5 mm: min. 600 – min. 1,300 N - Breaking load for tile thickness < 7.5 mm: min. 200 – min. 600 N 3. Bending strength (requirements in accordance with /DIN EN 14411/): dependant on tile application and classification group: - Bending strength: min. 8 – min. 30 N/mm² 4. Resistance to surface wear EN ISO 10454-7 (PEI Test): friction classes II, III, IV and V 5. Resistance to freeze-thaw cycles: EN ISO 10545-12 where applicable 6. Non-slip properties: as indicated Declared unit: The Declaration is based on the production of 1 m² average ceramic tiles. Please refer to the table for conversion factors. |
| Flow diagram(s) or picture(s) | |
Modelling and validation
Administrative information
Environmental indicators